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Received 28 April 2015, Accepted for publication 2August 2015

Background & Aims: Diabetes mellitus is one of the major issues of the healthcare systems of all societies. Patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes) have to receive daily injections of insulin in order to maintain a constant normoglycemic condition. Since this method of insulin delivery is so invasive and may end in a variety of mental and physical problems after its long-term usage, many scientists have been trying to find less invasive ways of insulin delivery to these patients. At the present study, the efficiency of transdermal insulin delivery using topical insulin ointment at different concentrations was investigated in hyperglycemic rats.

Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 36 male rats were divided into six groups. The control group was delivered a combination of Ketamin and Xylasine, and the rest were treated with different concentrations of insulin ointment following a Xylazine-induced hyperglycemia, then the effect of the ointment on blood glucose levels was investigated.

Results: Our data showed that high concentration (1.73%) of insulin ointment can be as effective as injectable insulin in decreasing blood glucose levels of hyperglycemic rats.

Conclusion: It is concluded that this way of insulin delivery can be a potential alternative to the conventional injectable method. However, more studies are needed in order to confirm its quality and usage in human models.

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Received 23 May 2015, accepted for publication 2August 2015

Background & Aims: Stressful events during gestation have important effects on the later physical and mental health of the offspring. The present study aimed to identify effects of co-administration of stress and morphine in prenatal period and re-exposure to stress at the end of infancy on corticosterone blood levels and pentylentetrazol-induced epileptic behaviors in rat.

Materials and Methods: Pregnant rats were divided to six groups of control, stress, saline, morphine, stress-saline and stress-morphine. In the stressed group, rats were stressed and held immobile for three consecutive days started on day 15 of pregnancy. The rats in saline and morphine groups received saline and morphine in the same days. In the morphine/saline-stress groups, rats were exposed to stress and received morphine/saline simultaneously. On postnatal day 22, half of the pups re-exposed to stress, and pentylentetrazol-induced epileptic behaviors of each rat were assessed. Blood samples were collected to determine corticosterone level.

Results: Latency of first epileptic behavior decreased significantly in stress-morphine group compared to other groups. Re-exposure to stress significantly led to a decrease in number of clonic seizure. There was no significant difference between the experimental groups in duration of clonic attacks and mortality rate. The level of corticosterone showed a significant increase in stressed pups and decreased in morphine group.

Conclusion: these results indicated that co-administration of morphine and restraint stress during late pregnancy had profound impact on neurochemical development and might alter vulnerability to PTZ-induced epileptic behaviors. Prenatal stress is more powerful than postnatal stress on influencing neural development and seizure susceptibility in rats.

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Background & Aims: Nowadays, complications of post-operative surgery are major problems for hospitals and occupying hospital beds that lead to the human and financial costs to society and the individual. The aim of this study is to use of appropriate antibiotic as prophylaxis to reduce infection and length of stay in hospital, prevention of drug resistance and postoperative complications.
Materials & Methods: The present study was carried out on elective surgical patients, including: cholecystitis, inguinal hernia, thyroidectomy and contracture of burn. In this study, the patients were divided into two groups; receiving Cefazolin as prophylactic antibiotic and not receiving Cefazolin.
Results: The results of this study showed that of 618 patients receiving Cefazolin as prophylaxis only 6 patients had postoperative complications and the average length of stay in hospital was 2 days, while in the not receiving Cefazolin group, there were 23 patients of post-operative complications and the average length of stay in hospital was 3.5 days.
Conclusion: According to the findings, antibiotic Cefazolin as prophylaxis reduced post-operative complications and duration of hospitalization.
 

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Background and Aims: From ancient time the human being was familiar with refraction of light through the crystals. One of the earliest finished natural crystals as a lens belongs to 3000 years ago named as Nimrud lens. The purpose of this research was to find when the use of eyeglass was promulgated in Persia
Methods: To answer the question, we looked for the first use of the “eyeglass” or its synonyms in the Farsi literature and Persian ancient artistic paintings.
Results: Jami  was the first the Persian poet that used a synonym of eyeglass in his poems. The frequency of its use in Farsi poems has been increased from 16 century onward. We also found two Persian paintings demonstrating the use of eyeglasses in the Safavid period.
Conclusion: Eyeglass was introduced from Europe to Persia. The use of the eyeglasses in Persia was promulgated in the 15th century and early Safavid period onward.
 
 

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In this study, we evaluated the effect of tropisetron on the oxidative biomarkers in the plasma of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Twenty-one male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n =7): control, diabetic and diabetic + tropisetron. Diabetes type 1 was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg; i.p). Tropisetron (3 mg/kg; i.p) as a 5-HT3 antagonist was given once daily for 2 weeks. At the end of experiment animals were euthanized and blood samples were collected for further analysis including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels. We found that tropisetron attenuated MDA levels and increased SOD, GPx and TAC contents in the plasma of diabetic rats. Our findings indicate that tropisetron improved oxidative stress in the plasma of STZ induced-diabetic rats.

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Linguatula serrata is a cosmopolitan and zoonotic parasite which occurs in carnivores (definitive host) and herbivores animals (intermediate host). Present study was aimed to find out the pathological changes of affected mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) by nymph stage of L. serrata in cattle. Carcasses of slaughtered cattle were inspected directly and infected MLNs with L. serrata were collected. Infected MLNs were fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin. Prepared sections were stained by Hematoxyline-Eosin (H&E) and examined. The MLNs were grossly enlarged, smooth and edematous with cystic areas which nymph stages scattered throughout the lymph nodes. Histopathology changes were included inflammatory reactions brought about by the parasite on the lymph nodes. Reticuloendothelial proliferation resulted in macrophage accumulation, many of these reaction patterns included granulomata. The vascular lesion included prevascular cuffing and mild vaculities. The lymphocytes reduced in number with apoptotic cell death. In view of the consumption of raw or undercooked visceral organs of cattle in the region, a systematic and rigorous inspection of the MLNs in slaughtered cattle would be useful to reduce human infection risk.

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Currently, eating disorders is a concern of the World Health Organization. Because these disorders have highest mortality rate among mental illnesses devotes itself. Accordingly, the present study aims to determine the prevalence of eating disorders in high school students. The relationship between these disorders and cognitive emotion regulation and body image, which is known as a variable in social psychology. The study was a descriptive research study -correlation and three scores, Body image questionnaire (MBSRQ), eating disorders and cognitive emotion regulation has been used to collect data. Statistical population includes 300 female high school students who were selected as samples. The results showed that cognitive emotion regulation and body image and its dimensions have a significant relationship with eating disorders and dimensions between eating disorder symptoms and significant positive correlation with blaming others. In other words, variable the blame to others is the ability to predict eating disorder symptoms among female students as well. There is a significant negative correlation between satisfaction of eating disorder symptoms and evaluate the fit of the body. In other words, the increase in satisfaction with areas of the body and assess the appropriateness of the symptoms of eating disorders is reduced.

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Background & Aims:  The use of some active factors in diet is regarded as an attractive approach to prevent and to treat certain types of cancers. Accordingly, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of PUFAs oral administration along with chemotherapeutic agent on the level of cellular apoptotic regulatory proteins in cancer cells of individuals with gastric cancer in order to identify the apoptotic changes.
Materials & Methods: This study was a Clinical Trial in which the target group consisted of the patients with gastric cancer who were recognized for the first time and cured under chemotherapy. Thirty-four patients were chosen and categorized randomly into two groups. Case group includes the patients taking PUFAs along with the chemotherapeutic agents. In control group, individuals were under the same chemotherapy protocol without taking PUFAs. Biopsy samples of tumor were taken from the patients before and after chemotherapy. The Bcl-2, Bcl-_XL Bid, and Bad gene expression were determined by Real-Time PCR. Also, those proteins upon biopsy samples were surveyed by Frozen Section method.
Results: In case group, Bcl-2 and Bcl_XL gene expression and protein levels decreased significantly in comparison with those of the control group. While Bid and Bad gene expression and protein levels increased significantly in comparison with those of the control group.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that use of PUFAs as supplement with Cis-platinum may be useful to stimulate more pro-apoptotic proteins in gastric cancer cells. Consequently, this offers an effective treatment to patients with gastric cancer to respond to chemotherapy.

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Background & Aims: The nerve autograft is the clinical gold standard in bridging nerve injury gaps, but it has severe disadvantages. The human umbilical vein (HUV) is suitable for multiple vascular reconstructive usages. The purpose of the present survey was to assess nerve regeneration by human amniotic fluid (AF) in the HUV channel.
Materials& Methods: In this study, 32 adult male rats (250-300g) were randomly divided into four groups: HUV+AF, HUV+normal saline (NS), Autograft, sham surgery. A centimeter gap in the sciatic nerve was grafted by autograft or HUV. Nerve regeneration was examined on days 28 and 90 after surgery by sciatic function index (SFI), electrophysiological assessments, histology, and immunohistology staining.
 Results: On days 60 and 90 after surgery, the SFI in the groups of autograft and HUV+AF was more than HUV+NS group (p <0.05). On the 90th day, the average nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and the number of myelinated axons in autograft and HUV+AF groups were significantly more than HUV+NS group (p <0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this study display that the HUV+AF may have beneficial effect for the treatment of peripheral nerve damages.

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Background & Aims:  Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) results from fat accumulation in the liver (liver fat >5% of liver weight). The excess of lipids in hepatic steatosis primarily consists of triacylglycerol and cholesterol esters. De novo hepatic lipogenesis from excessive dietary carbohydrate intake is the most consistent underlying pathogenic agent of NAFLD. Hypercholesterolemia that mostly associates with NAFLD has been recognized as the most important risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). In other words, reducing the hepatic cholesterol synthesis in NAFLD patients prevents risk of developing atherosclerosis and CHD. HMGCR is the rate-controlling enzyme pathway, responsible for cholesterol biosynthesis. De novo cholesterol synthesis by inducing the expression of HMGCR; activates the SREBP2. PPARα activation significantly lowers hepatic SREBP2 and HMGR mRNA levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Fenofibrate and Biochanin A, as PPARα agonists, on mRNA levels of SREBP2 and HMGR in HepG₂ cells exposed to high glucose concentration.
Materials & Methods: HepG₂ cells were used in this study. The induction of steatosis was performed by high glucose concentration. Cytotoxicity of Glucose, Fenofibrate, and Biochanin A were assessed in separate experiments for HepG₂ cells. Some biochemical parameters such as intracellular total cholesterol, HMGCR, ALT, and AST activity were measured. SREBP2 and HMGR mRNA levels were examined by real-time RT-PCR.
Results: Results of our study indicated an inhibitory effect of Fenofibrate and Biochanin A on the mRNA levels of SREBP2 and HMGR in HepG2 cells which were treated by high glucose concentration. Additionally, a decreased level of intracellular total cholesterol concentration was accompanied by decreased HMGCR activity.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that Biochanin A could be a useful agent in the prevention of de novo hepatic cholesterol synthesis and development of hypercholesterolemia; which is the main cause of CHD

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Background & Aims: Ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury of the ovary may lead to ovarian injury. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of the crocin on ovarian I-R injury.
Materials & Methods: Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups: sham surgery, ischemia, I-R, I-R+normal saline (NS), I-R+low dose crocin (20 mg/kg crocin), and I-R+ high dose crocin (80 mg/kg crocin). Neurological function, biochemical and histological evaluation was done 72 hours after ischemia.
Results: The plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and Total Antioxidative Capacity (TAC) in the ischemia, I-R, and I-R+ NS groups increased and decreased significantly compared to the crocin groups, respectively (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively). Catalase activity in the high dose crocin group was higher than the ischemia, I-R, and I-R+ NS groups (p<0.01). The mean scores of edema, congestion, hemorrhage, and follicular degeneration were significantly lower than in the crocin groups than in the ischemia, I-R, and I-R+NS groups (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Findings suggest that crocin may protect ovary from ischemia-reperfusion injury.

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Background & Aims:  To determine attenuation threshold for detection and quantification of air trapping in obstructive airway disease. Quantify airway dysfunction in patients of obstructive airway disease & its correlation with pulmonary function tests.
Materials & Methods: Paired HRCT scans of 48 patients were done and correlated with Pulmonary Function Tests taken within 2 weeks of the study. Threshold attenuation value on expiratory scan that signifies air trapping was obtained by correlating relative volumes with PFT parameters (PEF 25-75% & RV/TLC). The lung volumes at this threshold were then correlated with PFT values signifying airway dysfunction (FEV1, FEV1/FVC and PEF 25-75%) and airway dysfunction was then quantified based on these volumes.
Results: Maximum correlation of PFT parameters signifying air trapping is with relative volume of limited lung at -850HU (l850) (p<0.005) which was taken as the threshold for air trapping. Using this threshold (-850HU), we calculated the relative volume change of limited and whole lung (l850 & t850) and expiratory relative volume of limited and whole lung (ERV l850 & ERV t850). Significant correlation was seen between l850 and PFT parameters signifying airway dysfunction (p<0.005). A severity classification of obstructive airway disease was formulated based on l850 and classified patients into mild (l850<-30%), moderate (l850= -20 - -30%), severe (l850 =-10 - -20%), and very severe (l850 > -10%).
Conclusion: l850 can be used as a CT parameter to quantify airway dysfunction irrespective of presence or absence of emphysema. Severity classification of obstructive airway disease was formulated based on l850.

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Background & Aims:  The COVID-19 pandemic forced healthcare workers to use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) or at least wear gowns, gloves, and face masks during their working shifts. Previous research reports some problems such as headaches and itching due to the new working conditions. The present study was conducted to determine the possible physiological changes related to wearing face masks, in the current ongoing situation, among healthy hospital workers.
Materials & Methods: A questionnaire was administered to hospital personnel requesting them to measure their oxygen saturation level (SpO₂) and heart beats per minute (BPM) before and after their shifts. They used a pulse oximeter available in their hospital. Eighty-two hospital workers completed their forms, reporting their pre- and post-SpO₂ and BPM measurements.
Results: Statistically, the comparison of data (before and after shifts) indicated a significant decrease in SpO₂ (98.68±1.56 versus 97.57±1.76, p<0.01) and an associated significant increase in BPM (82.86±7.21 versus 93.14±5.00, p<0.001). Also, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the mentioned responses for those who used N-95 masks (10 persons) and those who used surgical masks (72 persons).
Conclusion: Although these changes were all in the reference range for healthy subjects, these fluctuations in the long term can cause physiological and psychological stress among hospital staff during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Bone allografts have become an accepted technology to replace bone loss due to common diseases, such as tumor resection, trauma, and failed total joint arthroplasty. This study briefly reviews a branch of regenerative medicine related to bone allografts and its related aspects. As new allografts stimulate an immune rejection response, bone grafts are usually prepared by freezing or freeze-drying to decrease the immune system responses. The notable biological events of associations, such as hemorrhage and inflammation, osteogenesis, osteoinduction, osteoconduction, and impressive remodeling, result in a load-bearing structure. Generally, cancellous allografts are effectively incorporated, while cortical grafts remain an admixture of viable regenerated bone and old necrotic bone for a prolonged duration. Massive bone allografts used in reconstructing tumor resection have a long-term successful outcome in about 80 percent of the procedures. Similar success has been reported for its use in total joint revision surgery and other clinical applications. The significant complications reported for grafting procedures are infection, bone graft fracture, nonunion at the graft-host juncture, and rare massive allograft resorption. Although bone allografting is a successful therapeutic approach, emerging technologies will introduce more efficient bones by mobilizing the adjunctive growth factors, cell and gene-based therapies, and tissue engineering techniques. The primary and applicable knowledge of bone allografts is essential; however, continual investigations are necessary.

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Background & Aims:  Although Peptic ulcer is a benign lesion of the gastrointestinal tract often caused by the secretion of gastric acid and/or the multiplication of Helicobacter pylori, but its rupture (perforated peptic ulcer (PPU)) is a surgical emergency and requires immediate action. PPU could cause ECG changes leading to masking the patient's main disease and wrong treatment. In this study we evaluated the prevalence of changes in the ECG of patients with perforated peptic ulcer in Firouzabadi Hospital.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, demographic data of all patients with PPU in Firouzabadi Hospital were extracted from the archives and electrographs were earned by cardiologists and internal medicine specialists while visiting. Statistical analyses were fulfilled by SPSS V.22 software with significance level of 0.05.
Results: 119 patients (86 males and 33 females) with PPU with mean age of 48.99 ± 16.18 were included in this study. Among 66 patients (55.5%) with band changes, 41 patients had one, 16 had two, 4 had three, and 5 had four pathological changes in their ECG. The most common pathological finding was T wave inversion which was observed in 29 patients (24.5%). more in male patients. There was no significant relationship between ECG findings with factors likeage, smoking, alcohol consumption, and a history of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease (P> 0.05).
Conclusion: More than half of patients with PPU have at least one preoperative electrocardiographic change. Gender is an influential factor in PPU and electrocardiographic changes. Although the frequency of these changes was more common among populations with hypertension, diabetes, and ischemic vascular disease, but there was no statistically connections between them.

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Background & Aims: Lymphadenopathy is one of the commonly encountered clinical presentation and the early targets for aspiration, therefore providing an important clue towards the diagnosis to find out the underlying etiology.
Materials & Method: The present cross-sectional prospective study was conducted in the tertiary care hospital in the North India among 201 lymphadenopaty patients on whom fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed after the informed consent.
Results: In the currnt study, majority of the patients were male (52.73%) with male-to female ratio of 1.1:1. The age group ranged from 1 to >80 years with majority of the patients in the age group of 21 to 30 years followed by 0 to 10 years and least in >80 years. Non-neoplastic cases were 121, neoplastic cases were67, and inadequate were 13 of the total 201 cases.
Conclusion: FNAC of the enlarged lymph node yields an important diagnostic clue to arrive the final diagnosis.

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Background & Aims: Methotrexate despite its beneficial anti-cancer and immunosuppressant effects has continued to receive limitation in usage due to its organ toxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the nephroprotective effect of aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on Methotrexate-induced injury and damage on kidney in rat.
Materials & Methods: The study consisted of four groups of rats: Control, Chromolaena odorata extract, Methotrexate, and Methotrexate+Chromolaena odorata extract groups. Chromolaena odorata extract was given orally (200 mg/kg) for 10 days, and Methotrexate at a single dose (20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally on day 9 of the experiment. Blood and kidney were collected on day 11 to measure biochemical, hematological and oxidative stress parameters as well as histopathological analysis.
Results: Methotrexate administration when compared to control and extract, treated rats decreased antioxidant agents, including catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) while it increased the Malondialdehyde level in the kidney tissues. Methotrexate also increased Urea and Creatinine in the blood samples. The result also showed that Methotrexate administration produced a significant decrease in Hemoglobin (HB), White Blood Cell (WBC), Hematocrit (HCT), Red Blood Cell (RBC), Platelets (PLTS), Lymphocyte, Basophil, and Monocyte when compared to control and all extract administered rats. The result of histopathological analysis of the kidney revealed that Methotrexate administration caused necrosis of renal tubules, renal congestion, renal tubule epithelium swelling, interstitial hemorrhage, glomerular atrophy, as well as dilatation. Chromolaena odorata extract administration significantly alleviated kidney function, improved antioxidant parameters, decreased levels of oxidative stress agents, restored the hematological parameters towards normalcy as well as resulted in noticeable improvement and attenuation toward normalcy in the kidney structure, and thus, remarkably preventing Methotrexate-induced tissue injury and damage.
Conclusion: The observed data showed that Chromolaena odorata had a protective effect against Methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity by maintaining the activity of the antioxidant defense system, which can be attributed to its bioactive constituents.

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Background & Aims:  Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) is defined as chronic inflammation of middle ear and mastoid cavity that may present with recurrent ear discharges. Its importance lies in its refractoriness to treatment and chronicity, leading to complications.  CSOM is almost always associated with mixed bacterial flora. Knowledge of the local microbial flora as well as continuous, periodic evaluation of microbiological pattern, and antibiogram of isolates are necessary to decrease the potential risk of complications by early institutions of appropriate treatment.
Materials & Methods:  In this prospective cross-sectional study, a total of 134 consecutive swab samples of the patients diagnosed with CSOM, referred to a tertiary care hospital in Kashmir Valley, India were included. The bacterial colonies were identified in line with standard procedures. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing (AST) was carried out according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) medium. The data was analysed using SPSS version 24 and the prevalence of the organisms was determined and expressed in percentages.
Results:  Out of total 134 ear swabs processed, microbial growth was seen in 111 (83%). The most common organism isolated was Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in 43 (39%) of the patients, followed by Pseudomonas in 37 (27.6%). 9 (8%) of the cases had fungal etiology. Linezolid (LZ) showed 100% sensitivity in Gram-positive Cocci whereas, Tigecycline (TIG) showed 100% sensitivity in Gram-negative Bacilli. All MRSA were 100 % sensitive to tetracycline, linezolid, amikacin. All the isolates of Pseudomonas were 100 % sensitive to Tigecycline, Ofloxacin, Colistin, Imipenem, Aztreonam, Cefepime.
Conclusion:  Isolation of various aerobic, anaerobic, and fungal isolates shows that different conditions of CSOM could be differentiated on microbiological grounds. Thus, for better management of CSOM, microbial classification of infection as well as drug sensitivity test of organisms recovered are essential for making appropriate decision of antimicrobials that will effectively eradicate the pathogen.

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Background & Aims:  Telfairia occidentalis Hook f. is consumed in different parts of the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria due to its high nutritional and medicinal benefits. This study focused on the restorative potentials of Telfaria occidentalis aqueous leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced renal toxicity in wistar rats.
Materials & Methods:  In this experimental study, five experimental groups of rats were used. One group received distilled water and serve as normal control. Second group received carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) alone for four days. Third and fourth groups received CCl₄ for four days prior to treatment with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg T. occidentalis aqueous extract for six days, respectively. The last group received CCl₄ for four days prior to treatment with Silymarin (100 mg/kg) for six days. With exception of normal control rats, all rats received a mixture of freshly prepared CCl₄ in olive oil (1 ml/kg, 1:1 intraperitoneally) for 4 days. Activities of renal markers and lipid profile molecules in serum and histopathogical analysis were assessed. Differences between means of groups were determined by One-way ANOVA using SPSS v.20. The mean differences were compared with the Duncan multiple range test. A probability level of less than 5% (P˂0.05) was considered significant.
Results:  Results revealed that CCl₄ toxicity caused a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the level of serum kidney function markers (Creatinine and Urea) and in lipid profile molecules (Total Cholesterol and Triglycerides) whereas T. occidentalis administration showed a dose-dependent nephro-protection as it significantly mitigated the effects of CCl₄ on the kidney function markers and lipid profile molecules assessed. The observed CCl₄ toxicity and renal protection by T. occidentalis were corroborated by the results of histopathological analysis.
Conclusion:  The results showed that T. occidentalis aqueous leaf extract mitigated the exacerbated effect of CCl₄ on renal functions which can be attributed to its bioactive agents.

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Background & Aims:  Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is considered as a chemokine mainly strode in the granules of platelets. Its important role in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) was the basis of many investigations about this chemokine. High affinity to heparin was used to extract of PF4 from platelet concentrates (PCs). Despite many advantages of recombinant PF4 (rPF4), some researchers prefer to purify rich proteins of platelets from outdated PCs mainly because of cost effectiveness. The main aim of this study was introducing a home-made method to purify PF4 from PCs in blood banks.
Materials & Methods:  In this experimental study, we presented a customized procedure based on immunoaffinity chromatography to isolate PF4 that may be useful for laboratory access of PCs from blood bank centers. Briefly, platelet lysate (PL) was extracted from PCs by freeze/thaw cycles and then treated with anti-PF4 antibody to elute PF4 extract in the final product. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 26). Student t-test was used to compare the results. A probability of < 0.05 was accepted as significant statistically.
Results:  Our experiments showed that immunoaffinity chromatography might be considered as an alternative source to provide PF4 particularly in view of cost effectiveness.
Conclusion:  PF4 is one of the most bulk growth factors stored in platelets. It has the versatile applications both in diagnosis of HIT and in the study of platelet biology. A home-made protocol presented in this investigation can be helpful to obtain PF4 from blood bank in a reasonable scale.